Britain’s communications regulator Ofcom has launched a formal investigation into Grok AI, the generative chatbot developed by Elon Musk’s xAI and integrated into X, following widespread outrage over the creation of sexualised and non-consensual AI images of women and children. The probe will examine whether X has breached its legal duties under the UK Online Safety Act, with potential consequences ranging from heavy fines to enforcement action that could restrict the platform’s operation in the UK. The case is now being viewed as a defining test of how far regulators are willing to go in holding AI developers and tech platforms accountable for the real-world harms enabled by generative technology.